Reading Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response Paper - Essay ExampleThe author was successful in making the narration so acute for the audience that they were left entranced as if a movie was playing in their heads as narrated by the author of the story. Examples were scenes from the locker room where the men candidly talked about body hair and how it used to be regarded as a badge of manhood. Such topic was not the kind one commonly negotiation about, but the simple candidness of the dialogue made such a topic so interesting.The audience was very responsive to Harbach, laughing at captivate times and giving witty side comments to the funny remarks the author read and expressed funnily from the reading of the daybook. Listening to him read makes one conclude that he knew each and every detail of the story and brought that out in his reading. It was as if he was just talking out loud while writing the book but did not need anyones approval to express himself on print. Harbach was a confident reader because he knew his book very well.I strike never read the book that the author wrote and read from. However, I felt drawn to the story because the author read it so well. I thought it was in addition the audience introductory time to get to know about the story but when they asked questions, it was clear that they have read the book beforehand.The author used delivery that were appropriate to the characters who spoke them. Even the use of curse words depicted the character of the men in the story so well. It was easy to relate to the story especially since this one was read by the author himself, as if he jumped right out of the printed page to make the book come more alive. I was impressed by the richness of the story and the multiple perspectives the author held simultaneously.When the audience asked him questions, I was able to relate more to him as a writer. In the first questions, it seemed that he was thrown off-guard especially because the questions were sensitive, referring to ho mosexuality. The audience asked him if he derived

Proposal Sample Essay Example for Free

Proposal Sample Essay childhood corpulency is a prevalent problem in the United States today. As of 2008, 20% of children aged 6-11 atomic number 18 considered fat. This is due to neglect of fresh and healthy food alternatives, lack of education on nutrition and disease and the decrease in physical activity in todays youth be the defining factors that contributed to this now nationwide epidemic. H.Y.F.R, with the help of local community grocers, is geared to defeat the issue of obesity in youths of low-income families. Families at or below poverty level have little to no access to healthy foods to feed their children. H.Y.F.R knows the battle with obesity testament be a long and hard one, but with the support of our allies, community members and parents, we can stop our children from getting bigger and bigger, sicker and sicker.Research FindingsAs per the research conducted in this proposal, there are many health risks associated with obesity in children. There are chronic diseases known to plague adults such as high channel pressure, diabetes mellitus, joint pain or pressure, various types of cancers and high cholesterol are starting to be diagnosed in our youth. Lack of involvement on the parts of parents is the close important factor as to why we are seeing obesity in children. Parents who lack education on whats nutritious are a trauma to the health of their children. Factors like socioeconomic status and cultural issues also play a role. First lady Michelle Obama has taken a firm stand in opposition to childhood obesity. Visiting grammar schools in the capital have made a resounding impact on the importance of a healthy diet. take in DescriptionThe goal of H.Y.F.R is to decrease obesity and promote healthy youths for the future. H.Y.F.R has created four objectives that focus on achieving the goal of the organization. The first of these objectives is to set the universe for health in todays youth. Fostering a positive attitude, and reinforci ng new healthy behaviors and alternatives go away make the chance of permanent flip-flop much probable. Second, H.Y.F.R knows that healthy choices and behaviors must be continued in the household. Educating parents is paramount. Providing literature and information for parents to continue the healthy lifestyle for their child will also increase the likelihood for permanent change. The third objective would be to involve the community in our efforts to reduce obesity in our youth. Organizing fitness events and utilizing farmers markets will increase the odds that children will respond to these initiatives. Our last objective is to have a recreational center to call our own. Having open green space and an enclosed gymnasium will allow a safe haven for these inner city youths to exercise and get healthy in a clean and safe environment.MethodologyThere is a list of activities that we will implement to help achieve our goal. Sports like volleyball, tennis, baseball and softball are just a few of the activities the youths will engage in to help shed their excess clog and jump start their healthy lifestyles. Interactive classes like dance and Zumba will make losing weight fun for children who are heavily distracted early(a)wise. Separating the youths by age will allow for a comfortable environment in which to exercise and interact which promotes comfort.Staff/Administration decent trained and credentialed staffing is crucial to any organization. H.Y.F.R knows this and has listed the necessary personnel that will help keep the organization running at its maximum potential. Project manager, project administrator, political program coordinator, nurse, health educator, nutritionist, counselor, lifeguard (volunteer/intern), dance instructor (volunteer/intern) and maintenance personnel are essential to the smooth operation of the various projects.BudgetH.Y.F.R is a not for winnings organization. With this in mind, the budget total is estimated to be 957,740.00 dol lars including the salaries and some other expenses. Sustainability H.Y.F.R can only continue operating with the contributions of local philanthropists and other charities. Hosting bake sales (organic and healthy items) and other types of fundraisers will generate funds to keep this program moving forward. Michelle Obama also as headed an initiative towards this goal and if this organization could utilize that, there could be other funds to be gained.EvaluationQuarterly evaluation of the success of H.Y.F. R is vital. Knowing where the organization stands is essential. The program would benefit form a constant schooling processes. Evaluating strengths and weaknesses can help determine what improvements can be made to improve its efficacy. Evaluating also generates knew knowledge. Things not known before can come about and root on new aspects of the program. Parts such as the budget and the allotment of the granted funds will also be evaluated in the expectation to reduce cost and put the money back into the program where it is needed. H.Y.F.Rs partners, methodological ordinations and feedback from the community will all help to evaluate. The opinions of all are important. Evaluations from external sources do cost a sizable amount of money. Conducting a standard evaluation would account for 5% to 10% of the total budget. Evaluations would be done via surveys, database reports and minutes taken from the meetings. The length of sentence it takes the targeted population to lose weight and start their healthier lifestyles will determine the success or failure of the organization. Variables like culture and ethnicity will be considered. literary argument of NeedThe prevalence of Childhood Obesity is a rising issue in America. Moreover, in order for us to control this issue it is imperative for us to implement a program designed to prevent, reduce and eliminate obesity in the New York City area.Lately, youths transaction with obesity have developed diseases that a re prevalent in older adults such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, pre-diabetes, and joint problems. Other diseases include sleep apnea and various types of cancers. Obese children ofttimes get teased and bullied by schoolmates because of their weight, which can result in social and psychological problems. Also, stigmatization and poor self-esteem can occur after dealing with bullying and teasing (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).The population targeted for H.Y.F.R (Healthy Youths For Real) includes boys, girls, young men, and young women in New York City. We would also like to target all five boroughs by uniting them together to overcome obesity in our young people.Obese children that stem from low-income families often reside in the most impoverished communities in NYC. These communities lack adequate facilities designed for physical recreation. The availability of healthier food choices in the neighborhood is an ongoing issue, especially with the high prevalen ce of fast food restaurants in the area. Some of the under privileged areas also have high-crime rates, making whatever nearby position available a safety issue.It is proven that the most in force(p) way to defeat obesity is through a healthy diet and exercise. In addition, there are other factors used to help facilitate this change of behavior in our youths, such as the involvement of the parents. At H.Y.F.R we believe, if the parents are involved in their childrens lifestyle they will be very influential on their childs healthier eating habits.If H.Y.F.R were not able to implement a non-profit program in the community, youths of low-income families would not have access to a recreation center designed to educate, prevent, and reduce childhood obesity. It is essential that H.Y.F.R. create a recreation center for todays youths because of the rising costs of gyms, parks and recreation centers in our communities today.Research FindingsChildhood obesity is becoming an issue in our co mmunities instantaneously and long term. Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of grievous youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Whereas for the long term effect of childhood obesity lead to Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as breast disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as quadruplex myeloma and Hodgkins lymphoma (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). These statistics speaks volumes and provide valuable information of what is occurring and will oc cur with our youths of the future and yet the childhood obesity rates continue to rise. Childhood obesity is categorized by age groups 10-17 18-24 adolescents as individuals in the 10-19 years of age group and youth as the 15-24 year age group. These two cooccur age groups are combined in the group young people covering the age range 10-24 years (World Health Organization).Body Mass indicationThe following are Body Mass Index Charts (BMI) one for girls and the other for boys, these BMI charts are used as an assessment to identify any potential weight problems such as obesity, overweight, underweight, or simply determine if the child has a healthy weight. The childs weight and height are calculated in order to determine the BMI. Children are not considered obese until their weight is at least 10 percent higher than what is recommended for their height and body type (American academy Child Adolescent Psychiarty). Weight ranges goes the following Underweight- Less than the 5th perc entile, Healthy Weight-5th percentile to less than 85th percentile, Overweight-85th to less than the 95th percentile, Obese- equal to or great than the 95th percentile.

Business Ethics in Brazil Essay Example for Free

Business morality in Brazil EssayIn this comparative survey of 126 Brazilian and U.S. seam professionals, we explore the effect of home(a) husbandry on estimable decisionmaking within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robins (1988) multi-criteria honourable motive cock, we examined how these dickens countries differences on Hofstedes individuation/collectivism Rafik I. Beekun (Ph.D., The University of Texas, Austin) is Professor of centering and Strategy in the Managerial Sciences Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. His current research interests be in the atomic number 18a of strategic adaptation, the link mingled with discipline refinings and ethics, and the kinship amidst management and spirituality. He has make in such journals as Journal of Applied Psychology, Human Relations, Journal of Management and Decision Sciences. Correspondence regarding this expression should be sent to him at Managerial Sciences Department, Mail Stop 28, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0206. Yvonne Stedham (Ph.D., University of Kansas) is an Associate Professor of Management in the Managerial Sciences Department at the University of Nevada, Reno. She has published in such journals as the Journal of Management and Journal of Management Studies. Dr. Stedhams research pointes on the following areas CEO performance evaluation, gender discrimination in employment, ethics in business, decision making crosswise socializations, and managing knowledge workers. Jeanne H. Yamamura (CPA, Ph.D., Washington State University) is an Associate Professor of Accounting in the College of Business at the University of Nevada Reno. Her didactics responsibilities include auditing and accounting information systems courses. Dr. Yamamuras research focuses on the management of accounting professionals with a particular interest in cross-cultural differences and her work has been published in accounting and business journals. She has extensive practi cal experience in the field of accounting through her previous employment in public and clandestine accounting.Rafik I. Beekun Yvonne Stedham Jeanne H. Yamamura dimension are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Our results indicate that Brazilians and Americans evaluate the ethical study of exercises or decisions differently when applying utilitarian criteria. By contrast, business good deal from both countries do not differ significantly when they use egoistic criteria in evaluating the ethical disposition of business decisions. pigment WORDS Brazil, egoism, ethics, national nicety, U.S., utilitarianism As business organizations move from domestic to global and transnational competition, they are finding that cultural set qualify significantly across national boundaries, and are likely to affect business practices (Husted, 2000). During the past decade, several researchers (Ferrell and Gresham, 1985 Hunt et al., 1989 Abratt et al., 1992 Hunt and Vitell, 1992 Tsalikis and Nwachukwu, 1991 Vitell et al., 1993) abide noted the potential influence of national husbandry on ethics within a business context. What obscures the impact of national culture on ethics is that business practices may conflict with ethical set in a manner that medicine, law and government do not (DeGeorge, 1993). Not surprisingly, empirical research investigating the family mingled with national culture and ethical decision-making is relatively sparse (Vitell et al., 1993). A uncomplicated reason for exploring the effects of culture on ethics is the increased globalization of business. This trend, in turn, is characterized by a several(a) array of interorganizational arrangements that require cross-cultural interaction. As a result, cultural misunderstandings are likely to occur.One of the key areas where such mis- Journal of Business Ethics 42 267279, 2003. 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 268 Rafik I. Bee kun et al. understandings take place is in the area of ethics, partly because of the influence that national cultures may have upon business ethics (Husted, 2000). fitly, in our study, we explore the relationship between national culture and business ethics. We will seek to investigate what process underlies ethical sort across national boundaries. reason this process may help global managers develop tools to promote ethical behavior in their international workforce. In this research, we compare two culturally diverse countries, the United States (U.S.) and Brazil, in order to identify similarities and differences with regard to approaches toward ethical decision-making in a business context. Since culture is a broad concept, it is necessary to specify the values that could be related to behaviors or practices (Husted, 2000). For the purposes of this study, we utilise a well-established framework of national culture (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede conducted one of the most important studies that ascertained the relationship between national culture and management. From this study, he identified several value dimensions along which countries differ. Using Hofstedes (1980) framework, we carried out a crosscultural, comparative survey to assess the relationship between his individualism/collectivism dimension of national culture and ethical criteria. With respect to ethical decision-making, we adopted the instrument proposed and validated by Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990).They have generated a set of scales that measure the core dimensions characterizing different perspectives of ethical philosophy. Defining national culture Hofstedes dimensions of culture Multiple definitions and conceptualizations of national culture exist (Hofstede, 1980, 1988, 2001 Kluckhohn, 1951, 1962 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, 1961 Ronen and Shenkar, 1985 Trompenaars, 1993). Although these frameworks and conceptualizations typically center on values, they differ with respect to the speci fic values that are included in their respective frameworks. For instance, Trompenaars (1993) focuses on values related to relationships such as obligation, emotional orientation in relationships, and involvement in relationships. By contrast, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) accentuate more global values such as peoples relationship to nature and time-orientation. With respect to our study, Hofstedes framework of national cultures is the most appropriate since he identified values related to economic activity (Husted, 2000). Therefore, his framework is relevant for the study of business decisions. Focusing on national cultures, Hofstede (1997, p. 260) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. Thus, although the problems faced by groups (whether organizational or national) are world(a), the solutions devised by distributively group may be relatively unique to that group. These solutio ns then flex taken for granted over time, and may suggest why people hold certain beliefs and behave the way they do (Schneider and Barsoux, 1997). Hofstede (1980, 1988) has suggested that five dimensions of national culture underlie differences in the behavior of individuals from different cultural backgrounds.Since these dimensions describe how individuals view and interpret web sites and behavior, they are likely to be related to how individuals engage in decision-making in general (Weick, 1979 Adler, 2002). Ethical decisionmaking, too, is likely to be affected by these dimensions of national culture. Hofstedes five cultural dimensions (1980, 1988) are power distance, uncertainty dodge, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism, and long-term/short-term orientation. Power distance refers to the degree to which less powerful members in a country accept an unequal distribution of power. Uncertainty avoidance depicts a peoples ability to cope with ambiguous situations as well as the mechanisms they have created to avoid such situations. Masculinity exemplifies a focus on material things, such as money, success, etc., whereas femininity refers to a focus on quality of life, caring, etc. Individualism, which will be discussed in more particular later, refers to the tendency of people to consider their interests and those of A Comparative probe of Business Ethics their immediate family only. By contrast, collectivism refers to the rock of people to view themselves as part of a bigger group, and to protect the interests of group members. Longterm/short-term orientation describes the time perspective people take when dealing with a situation. add-in I represents the scores for Hofstedes cultural dimensions for Brazil and the U.S. While the scores indicate dissimilarities between the U.S. and Brazil on all five cultural dimensions, by far the largest difference appears in the individualism/collectivism dimension. Brazil scored low on individualism, a nd hence is considered a collectivistic country by contrast, the U.S. scored high on individualism and is considered an individualist country.The individualism/collectivism dimension describes how individuals relate to others and to high society, and represents the extent to which they are emotionally and cognitively attached to a particular network of individuals. Individualism describes the inclination of individuals to be primarily concerned with their personal interests and their immediate familys welfare (Hofstede, 1980). Members of a highly individualistic country view themselves as independent of organizations or institutions, and place a higher value on self-reliance and individual action. Collectivism, in comparison, describes a culture where individuals are viewed as part of a larger group, and look after each other. Collectivistic cultures protect the interests of their members in return for their loyalty. In collectivist cultures, morality is defined in terms of the ben efits for the in-group (family, friends, work companies, 269 etc.), implying the sustentation of solidarity (Triandis and Bhawuk, 1997). Hofstede (1980) noted that the individualism/collectivism dimension carried strong moral overtones because this dimension was reflected in value systems shared by the majority. For example, in a highly individualistic country, individualism is viewed as a strength and the major reason for the countrys accomplishments. By comparison, inhabitants of a highly collectivistic country view an accent mark on self as a negative attribute to be eliminated for the good of society. Competing ethical frameworks for business decisions Ethics are the principles of merciful conduct regarding either an individual or a group (Shaw, 1999), and represent the moral standards not governed by law, that focus on the human consequences of actions (Francesco and Gold, 1998).Ethics often require behavior that meets higher standards than those established by law, includin g selfless behavior rather than calculated action intended to produce a tangible benefit. With respect to this study, business ethics describe the ultimate rules governing the appraisal of what constitutes right or wrong, or good or bad human conduct in a business context (Shaw, 1999). In the assessment of ethical behavior, perception is critical (Hartmann, 2000). Indeed, ethical decisions may be influenced by our own perception, by others perceptions of our actions, and by our perception of universal laws. As a TABLE I Cultural dimensions (Hofstede 1980, 1988, 2001) Dimensions of culture U.S. Brazil Difference Power distance Uncertainty avoidance 40 46 69 76 (29) (30) Individualism/Collectivism 91 38 53 Masculine/Feminine Confucian Dynamism 62 29 49 65 13 (36) 270 Rafik I. Beekun et al. result, our final choices may be determined by the perception that is the most salient at the time. Further, Hartmann suggests that cultures may differ not only with respect to the ethical principle s fundamental decisions but in like manner with respect to which of the three stakeholders self, society, and universal laws is emphasized in any given situation. Depending on which stakeholder is emphasized, people from different cultures may vary in their assessment of the ethical nature of a decision. Across most situations, ethical principles that distinguish right from wrong actions are encompassed by several normative theories, e.g., justice, relativism, egoism, utilitarianism, and deontology. These theories can generate potentially conflicting interpretations of what is ethical or unethical, originating from the very nature of the theories themselves.Moreover, prior research (Cohen et al., 1996 Hansen, 1992 Reidenbach and Robin, 1988, 1990) indicates that individuals making ethical decisions do not carry a single theory or philosophy by which to make their decisions. In fact, Reidenbach and Robin (1988) found that a varying combination of ethical philosophies or theorie s is employed when ethical decisions are made. Shaw (1999) draws a distinction between two types of ethical theories, consequentialist and nonconsequentialist. Consequentialist theories suggest that the moral rightness of an action depends on the actual or intended results of the action. What is right is determined by weighing the ratio of good to bad that an action is likely to produce (Shaw, 1999, p. 45). A key issue underlying consequentialist theories is the nature of the beneficiaries of the action under consideration. Should one consider the consequences for oneself or for all involved? The most important consequentialist theories are egoism and utilitarianism. Egoism promotes individual expediency as the guiding principle whereas utilitarianism advocates that everyone affected by the action or decision must be taken into account (Shaw, 1999). By contrast, nonconsequentialist theories suggest that it is not simply the consequence of an act that matters, but also its inherent c haracter. Although these theories do not deny that con- sequences are morally relevant, they assert that other factors are also important in assessing the moral significance of an action. For example, breaking a promise is wrong not simply because of the consequences that result from breaking it, but also because of the nature of the act itself. In this study, we focus on consequentialist theories for several reasons. First, Hofstedes individualism/collectivism dimension can be clearly and easily related to the two consequentialist theories. Second, the two theories represent the perceptions of two of the three possible stakeholders identified by Hartmann (2000), namely own perceptions and others perceptions.Third, staying within one theoretical category allows for a practically more parsimonious, yet thorough, analysis. Ethical perspectives and national culture hypotheses Whether egoistic or utilitarian principles are employed, ethics are a product of a societys culture, which inc ludes its traditions, values, and norms. Within a society, ethical behavior is generally agreed upon. Francesco and Gold (1998, p. 40) explain that members implicitly understand how relationships, duties and obligations among people and groups ought to be conducted, and distinguish between their selfinterests and the interests of others. However, when two or more countries interact, they often find that their ethics differ. According to Hendry (1999), these differences may lead to three types of culturally based ethical conflicts. First, there are those conflicts where the ethical values typifying the two national cultures lead to differing conclusions what is deemed unethical from one perspective is considered to be ethical from the other. Second, conflict may arise when businesspersons from one culture consider something morally significant whereas their counterparts from another culture are ethically neutral. Third, business people from two cultures may interpret a common situati on differently even when there is some commonality among their national values. A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics To investigate the relationship between national culture and ethics, we chose two culturally diverse countries, Brazil and the U.S. Given the differences in their respective national cultures, we expect Brazilians and Americans to differ in their assessment of the ethical substance of business decisions.Accordingly, we propose the following hypothesis H1 The assessment of the ethical confine of business decisions is a function of national culture. Egoism and individualism/collectivism According to egoism, the only valid standard of ones behavior is ones obligation to advance ones well-being above everyone elses (Beauchamp and Bowie, 1997). Promotion of ones own longterm interest is viewed as the only worthwhile objective and the only determinant of whether an act is morally right or not. Nothing is owed to others or to the organization that one works in. T hose who abide by this approach to ethics intensely believe that all altruistic efforts by others are really acts of self-promotion since an individual may have to help others in order to advance his/her own interests. Brazil is collectivistic whereas the U.S. is individualistic. As discussed earlier, persons from an individualistic culture emphasize their families and their own interests. H1.a When applying egoistic criteria to judge the ethical content of an action or a decision, respondents from the U.S. will be less likely than respondents from Brazil to see a decision or action as unethical. Utilitarianism and individualism/collectivism Utilitarianism, in direct contrast to egoism, is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the superlative possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our action (Shaw, 1999, p. 49). Although utilitarians also 271 evaluate an action in terms of its consequences, an action is ethical if it results in the greatest ben efit or good for the largest number of people.Issues of self-interest are not germane since actions are assessed in accordance with one primary standard the general good. Utilitarianism has long been associated with social improvement and the promotion of actions that are in the best interest of the community. Actions are right if they promote the greatest human welfare. Brazil is collectivistic. Persons from a collectivistic culture focus on actions that lead to the greatest benefit for most members of a group. H1.b When applying utilitarian criteria to judge the ethical content of an action or a decision, respondents from Brazil will be less likely than respondents from the U.S. to see an action or decision as unethical. To be consonant with prior ethics research (Reidenbach and Robin, 1988), the above hypotheses (H1.a and H1.b) together suggest that Americans and Brazilians rely on more than one ethical criterion when assessing the ethical content of an action or decision. Howev er, we are also suggesting that when each specific ethical criterion they refer to is considered separately, people from different national cultures will vary in their assessment of the ethical content of a course of action or a decision. Methodology Sample Data were collected from 126 respondents 92 from the U.S. and 34 from Brazil. U.S. participants included MBA students at a regional university as well as business professionals. Brazilian participants were all students enrolled in an Executive MBA program. We used MBA students in our study for two reasons. First, MBA students are a commonly used proxy for business people (Dubinsky and Rudelius, 1980). Dubinsky and Rudelius (1980) comparison of 272 Rafik I. Beekun et al. student versus professional evaluations found a high degree of congruence between the two groups. Second, since all students (both U.S. and Brazilian) were currently employed by companies or had recent professional work experience, the sample can be used as a pro xy for business professionals in both countries.Data collection The instrument we used was Reidenbach and Robins (1988) pre-validated, multi-criteria instrument incorporating the core dimensions that underlie several ethical perspectives. We selected this survey instrument because it is a multi-philosophy and multi-item questionnaire. As a result, it will enable us to assess both ethical dimensions of interest, i.e., egoism and utilitarianism, simultaneously. This instrument incorporates multiple items for each ethical philosophy and, therefore, is relatively more reliable than single item instruments (Kerlinger, 1986). Reidenbach and Robins instrument includes an initial set of scales that has shown evidence of high reliability and modest convergent validity with respect to U.S. respondents. The scales correlate highly with a univariate measure of the ethical content of situations. Hence, the instrument can be said to have high construct validity in the U.S. Additional reliability and validation efforts for the whole sample and for Brazil specifically are reported below. Using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = ethical, 7 = unethical), respondents were asked to rate the action in three scenarios using the criteria (items) described in Table II. The perception of and the criteria emphasized in evaluating the ethical content of a decision or situation depend on the nature of the decision or the situation. In accordance with previous research, scenarios will be used in this study to provide the contextual stimulus and to motivate the evaluation process (Alexander and Becker, 1978). We adopted the three scenarios developed and validated by Reidenbach and Robin (1988, 1990).Table III presents the three scenarios used in this study. Data were collected by means of the abovementioned instrument administered to Brazilian participants (in Portuguese) and provided via written instrument and website access to U.S. participants (in English). The Brazilian instrument was ba ck translated to ensure equivalence. Efforts were made to establish the reliability and validity of the instrument in this comparative context and are reported as follows. We examined the reliability of the instrument by assessing its internal consistency through the use of Cronbachs alpha. Since we used three different measures (one for each of the scenarios), we calculated three inter-item coefficient alphas. The Cronbach alpha was 0.81 for the first scenario, 0.75 for the south scenario and 0.86 for the third scenario. All three coefficients indicate that the scale items are internally con- TABLE II Ethics instrument scales Ethical perspective Items (Seven-point Likert scale 1 to 7)* Egoism Self promoting/not self promoting Self sacrificing/not self sacrificing Personally satisfying/not personally satisfying Utilitarianism Produces greatest utility/produces the to the lowest degree utility Maximizes benefits while minimizes harm/minimizes benefits while maximizes harm Leads to the greatest good for the greatest number/leads to the least good for the greatest number * Generally speaking, in the above bipolar scales, 1 = fair or just or efficient (ethical) whereas 7 = unfair, unjust or inefficient (unethical). A Comparative Investigation of Business Ethics

Evolution Theory Essay Example for Free

Evolution Theory EssayDarwin spent five years exploring the world. Darwin travelled to many places mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. As he traveled from place to place, Darwin was surprised, by the similarities between the species. He wrote in his journal of the Galapagos Islands, there is even a difference between the inhabitants of the polar islands yet all suggest a marked relationship with those of America, though separated from that continent by an open space of ocean, between 500 and 600 miles in width. At this early constitute of his life, along with graduating college Darwin soon began collecting evidence for his theory of Evolution and natural selection. While on his journey Darwin made many observations. They were mainly about the different species he saw on the Galapagos Islands. Each island had a different variation of birds. He notice that the beak sizes of the finches were different on each island because of the size seeds they ate.Darwin noticed that organism s reproduce more offspring than can survive. Each individual offspring has unique characteristics that can be hereditable. Most of Darwins observations focused on the image of natural adaptions. Darwin noticed that the body parts an animal used the most for survival, evolved all over periods of time. Meaning if a giraffe tends to use its neck a lot, it provide extend in length throughout time. This is an organisms natural adaption to, living within its environment. These observations lead to the theory of Evolution. Aside from this Darwin observed the competitive knowledge domain among organisms. An organisms physical adaption can either educate or break them. Survival of the fittest is key in every habitat. Through evolution, organisms have been allowed to build up physical and behavioral adaptions that can be beneficial towards survival.In his theory Darwin states that organisms have visible differences. This difference can be inherited from the offsprings parents. Another p oint is that organisms produce more offspring than can survive. From these organisms that are produced, many do not reproduce later on in life. Since so many organisms are reproduced there is a fight for the survival of the fittest. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. The characteristics that make them best suited to their environment are passed on to offspring. Individuals whose characteristics are not as well suited to their environment die or leave fewer offspring.Organisms change over time, this is the theory that Darwin tries to prove known as evolution. It is believed that organism adapt t their environment and change over periods of time. The species that live in fork out day are descendants form those in the past. All organisms on Earth are united by one common ancestor. These are the major(ip) points form Darwins theory of Evolution. I feel that Darwins theory is very accurate. Organisms adapt over time and this adaptions h elp with natural survival. Evolution occurs over periods of time and has leaded us to our modern state. Every organism is the descendant of a prehistoric ancestor. There are visible similarities, but sometimes it may be hard to tell an organisms ancestor. I feel that if changes occur gradually it can be easily noticed that organisms physical, behavioral and outer(a) appearances change.

Definition Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Definition Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences EssayWater pollution is the presence of any substances in peeing which earth-closet be harmful for plants and animals that live in body of water or people who use it. In other word it is the change in the chemic or physical properties of the water and this change can lead to endeavor damage and health hazards to animals and plants that live inside it or organisms that use it. (1)Importance of the Nile River for EgyptThe Nile River is the primal water resource in Egypt, where it represents more than 95% of the total water resources in Egypt and it is the lifeline for Egypt and there are umteen reasons for its importance which areEgyptians depends on it to acquire fresh water to use it for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning and other household uses.Use it for agriculture where fertile land create around the Nile River and they irrigated by Nile River.The Nile River is an pregnant source of fish.It is used in water transportation because it passes from south to north Egypt.Industry in Egypt depends a lot on the waters of the Nile River.Recently after the construction of the High Dam became the Nile River is an important source for generating electricity to Egypt. (2)(1) http//www.smokefreecolorado.com/cause-for-water-pollutions/(2) http//answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090216123423AALSyKICauses of pollutionThere are umpteen sources of water pollution in Nile River.Industry WastewaterIndustry is an important user of water. In same time is an important producer of pollution. Water is in truth important in industry. Water demand for industry was 3.6 Billion cubical Meters BCM/year in 2000. And they expect to be 5.5 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year in 2017. So, when industry increases, the water demands increase.(1)Municipal WastewaterIn the city, the water which used by people going down through various treatment processes to pull it healthy as possible before release it back to e nvironment. Treating water is help to minimize the negative effects of wastewater on the environment. However, some measly cities along Nile River cannot use treatment facilities which are expensive for them. The only way they can use it is dumped in the river without treated. (2)Statistics show that, all governments generate 3.5 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year of wastewater. Of these wastewater 1.6 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year receives treatment. In 2017, 1.7 Billion Cubic Meters BCM/year will receive treatment. Although the capacity will increase only if it will not be able to covers all wastewater. As it is show in table (1) the number of people serves increase and number of people not served increase because increasing in population. (3)http//www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdfhttp//sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/pollutionhttp//www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20Sys tem%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdfSo, it will not be able to decline the amount of wastewater that is not receiving treatment. (1) display board (1) Projections of Wastewater Treatment CoverageYearPopulationPeople ServesPeople Not Served199760 Million18 Million42 Million201783 Million39 Million44 MillionAgriculture WastewaterAgriculture is larger consumer of water. And it is in same time contributed in water pollution. runoff from the agricultural sector frequently contains pollutants that may have an adverse effect on the river. Pollutants such as salts, nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen, and pesticide residue can be found in this runoff. Agricultural runoff often is a non-point pollutant, in that it can come from anywhere in a region, and not from a detail drain. This can make it difficult to There are also problems associated with agricultural runoff seeping into the groundwater as well. (2)Effect of populationThere are many effect of Nile river pollution. Some of these effects areThe presence of oil on the surface of the river works as a buffer between the sun and the plants. This leads to cobblers last of fish and Lack of food for world. In addition, that will decrease the number of fishermen Many fishermen have either left their jobs altogether or migrated, el-Fikky state. (3)http//www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdfhttp//sitemaker.umich.edu/sec004_gp5/pollutionhttp//www.irinnews.org/Report/87416/EGYPT-River-pollution-hits-Nile-fishermenThe solid waste thrown in the river hinder the movement of fishermen net and torn nets which reduces the amount of fish and increase the cost on the fishermen. Saed said he usually catches 2kg of fish a day that equal to US$165 a month, but over the past few months he has had an additional headache his net needs replacing not every month as in the past but every few days, costing him up to $144 a month.The Nile river is source for drin king but because it polluted by human that could cause a harmful effect on human and cause a dangerous diseases. Not only for people whose drink from it but also for people who eat fish or plant from it. (1)http//www.irinnews.org/Report/87416/EGYPT-River-pollution-hits-Nile-fishermen snareWater pollution is a serious problem for the entire world. And it is considered to be one of the most dangerous hazards affecting Egypt. The pollution of Nile River is increase especial in the past few decades.Although the Egyptians love the Nile River a lot and it is important for them, not only in economic terms but it has a significant intend for them. But this did not protect it from pollution.In this report I will explain the meaning of water pollution. Then, I will take somewhat the important of Nile River. After that, I will talk about causes of Nile River pollution which are industry wastewater, municipal wastewater and agriculture wastewater. Final, I will take about effect of Nile River pollution.IntroductionOver two thirds of Earths surface is covered by water less than a third is taken up by land. As Earths population continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure on the planets water resources. One of these fresh water resources is Nile River. Water is essential for life. No organism can live without it. Water pollution is problem effect human, animals and plants. And it caused by different resource. In these report I will try to find the main causes of water pollution in Nile River and the effect of that pollution.SummaryIn the summary, as you see all water pollution in Nile rive and in any perspective in the world created by human and then he try again to solve it what he already create. I advice all people to hold in the environment. And keep the water clean.ConclusionArent we aware of the different problems occurring in our nature, especially in different bodies of water? Water pollution is the cause of our undisciplined actions and irresp onsibility. We, humans are only creating problems that consequently we will also carry the burden of these problems. We all know that water pollution can affect our health severely and seriously. The solution for all environmental problems is not created.UAE UniversityFaculty of ScienceDepartment of BiologyPrinciples of Environmental ScienceDone by Shaikha Mohammed.ID 201003128.Instructor Dr. Tarek Youssef.

Probiotics and Biotechnology

Probiotics and BiotechnologyProbiotics and BiotechnologyBacteria are present in the gut of every one. Some of these are harmful while others are honest for the health of host. Normally the percentage of near bacteria is more but due to antibiotic treatment and other stress conditions the balance shifts towards the harmful bacteria. much(prenominal) a condition is called Dysbiosis and needs the treatment of Probiotics.Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Examples are lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Bifidiobacteria, yeast and bacilli sp. The food that is beneficial for the growth of Probiotics is called Prebiotics is mostly oligosaccharides. Probiotics and Prebiotics are combinely called synbiotics.Metchnikoff was the first one who observes that it is possible to modify the gut flora. He observe that proteolytic bacteria like clostridia, gravel toxic substances that cause aging but lactic acid bacteria can inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Henery Tissure isolate theBifidiobacterium bifidium from brest fed infants and he recommend these for diarrhial infected children. These protect by displacing proteolytic bacteria. Kollath use the term Probiotics for the microbially derived factors that stimulate growth.Probiotics are the beneficial microorganisms that are beneficial to the human being through certain aspects. Lactic Acid bacteria help in managing lactose intolerance. These bacteria convert lactose into digestible lactic acid. Some of the other benefits of Probiotics are as follow* Lowering the cholesterol level by break down the bile in the gut.* Lowering the business line pressure by the production of ACE-Inhibitor like peptides.* Protect from Infections by competitive inhibition and improving immune system of the host.* Lactobacillus bulgaricus shows anti carcinogenic activity by decreasing the activity of -glucuronidase.* Block the adhesion site for the pathogens.* Pr obiotics provide the antagonistic enviornment for the pathogens.A good probiotic should have the following properties.Invitro adherence to the epithelial cells and anti-microbial activity. Should have disgustful to bile, HCl and pancreatic juice. Immune modulation and GIT colonization. Probiotics are available in the form of dairy products, food, tablets and sachets in the market, with pescribed composition of probiotic microorganisms.Probiotics Biotechnology helps to overcome the different problems go about during their formulation into usable form. Like, stress during formulation, adjustment in new environment and to compete with actual bacteria in the body. The field of biotechnology that deals with the pathogens modifications is called Patho-Biotechnology. First remnant of the biotechnology is to improve external stress tolerance, like tempreture and water. Naturally microorganism do this by accumalating compatible solute e.g betaine and trehalose. These solutes stabilized t he proteins and reduce water want. The main stopping point of the biotecnology is to produce compatible solute accumalating strains, Listeria monocytogens has three natural uptake systems. BetL system has been selected which is encoded by one gene, it is betaine transporter. This gene is cloned into Lactobacillus salivarius and Positive strains shows resistant towards salts and more betaine uptake. The second goal of the biotechnology is to improve the colonization in the Gastrointestinal tract. This is acieved by cloning BetL gene into B. breve and Trehalose gene from E.coli into L.lactis. The colned strains shows tolerence to gastric juice, bile and intestinal colonization. Third goal of probiotics biotechnology is to produce the strains with increased pathogen competence. It has been observed that pathogens used oligosaccharides press out on host cell as a receptors to adhere themselves. Through biotechnology approach receptor-mimic structure express strains are produce. The p athogens bind with these structures and make them harmless for host as well as probiotic strains. E.coli tha express chimeric lipopolysaccharide which is shiga toxin (Stx) receptor, only 1mg can neutralized 100ug Stx.Inaddition to the modification of existing system, artifically engineer improved systems are also used. This technique is called Direct Evolution Approach. In this approach mutant E.coli strain XL1-Red, which lack DNA repairing system. It has mutation roam 5000 times higher than the normal strain, mutation may results into improved quality strains which are selected. Like hyperproline producing E.coli is osmotolerant, produce by the mutation in the first enzyme which results into the loss of feed back inhibition and proline overproduction.Normally probiotics has no side effects but may cause infection in immunosuppressive people. If probiotics are chemically contaminated may be harmfull. So, probiotics are real gift from God and we have to care for them.

Impact of Brexit and Trump on International Marketing

Impact of Brexit and sound on International MarketingIn light of the Brexit and other policy-making events in 2016, discuss the potential implications for companies worldwide grocery store strategies.IntroductionThe world as we k instanter it, is changing. In light of the previous years, humanity has witnessed severe changes in the political arna around the world. The pick of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States (U.S), the referendum in the United Kingdom (U.K), the failed Coup in Turkey, the disintegration of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Rise of the Far-Right in Europe argon vindicatory some of the major political events that pass on change and reform the world dramatically imposing changes in concernes international merchandising strategies (Foster, 2016 Lindsay, 2016). Amendments in the political scene trigger changes in all aspects of everyday life, with the shock of these alterations depicted in econo(prenominal)y, business, rescript and even in climate. In this paper, an analysis allow be conducted to examine the relation between marketing strategy and regime and how they affect the international marketing strategy in terms of standardization or adaption, along with possible alterations in the marketing mix. Furthermore, an attempt will be made to discuss the possible invasion that important political events, such as Donald Trumps presidency and Brexit, had on companies strategies.Relations between political environment and businessesIn invigorated-fangled decades, the world has observed the globalisation and democratization of markets, a phenomenon that enabled companies to transcend borders and entry international markets (Czinkota, 2016). As Theodosiou and Leonidou (2002) claimed, the globalisation and democratization of international business scene is cerebrate moderately to the liberation of barter, which has changed the way companies and marketers design and implement their international strategies. Re duced domestic growth and excessive domestic competition are further reasons for firms sorrowful into impertinent markets (Kotler et al., 1996). As companies gain more knowledge and experience in international operation, they progress through stages of internationalization following the Upsala Internationalization Model (Keill0r, Boller & Luke, 1998).In other words, companies had to assess if they will comply with a standardization approach or adapt their strategies in cross-border countries. The former approach was led by the similarities of countries payable to the globalization of markets, the update and expansion of international communication channels and the birth of Internet, while the latter underlined that companies should acknowledge and adapt to the variations amongst different countries (Theodosiou & Leonidou, 2002).Kottler et al. (2011) claim that businesses decisions on which marketthey will enter, and by what means, are based on the evaluation and ranking of some(p renominal) instruments. One of them is the risk of the political power that eachcountry and regimen has. According to Ghauri & Cateora (2014), theimportance of the political power over companies can be understood by therecognized authority that each politics has, to control and cut backcompanies operations, by either offering support and encouragement or byimplementing restrictions in the mode of expropriation,import restrictions (to protect their own industries), confiscation,domestication, price controls etc. It is whence clearly understood, that thepolitical environment nonpluss power on businesses and plays a bulky role ininternational companies operations and margin. Indeed, the ideal political conditions for a foreign firm is a stable and friendly government (Ghauri & Cateora, 2014 p.91). Both political climate and continuity of the set of rules established in a country are essential elements of the cultivation of good relations between companies and governments in a mu tual beneficial and prosperous way. As Agawal & Feils (2007) suggest, Political risk is highly relevant factor during the pre-entry and post-entry stages of the process model of internationalization. (p.166). Therefore, it is ideal for multinational companies to rely on stability to, sustainably, expand and invest.As mentioned, political changes have a great impact on the high societys decisions and marketing strategies. In fact, changes in the political scene have reflections into more factors than just calling policies. When a bracing government introduces import restrictions and trade tariffs, it affects the prices of goods, since companies trade expenses are increasing (Mor, 2017). In addition, additional border checks make the transport and distri neverthelession of commodities slower and more expensive. However, the introduction of tariffs is followed by a variety of non-tariff technical barriers, such as different product standards in labelling, packaging and safety (Mor, 2017). Combining all these together, it is obvious that non however are all four Ps in the marketing mix affected, but also the strategy which is designed by the marketers (Baines, Fill & Rosengren, 2017).Furthermore, aside from the impact to the global economy, political changes affect currency power. To be more precise, changes in governments which influence stock markets and trade, affect the value of the currency (Samson, Wigglesworth & Bullock, 2017), since its depreciation causes the counterpoise in trade to collapse (Melvin & Sultan,1990). Indeed, the value of each countrys currency affects the exchange rates followed by changes in import and export expenses, effecting the companys competitiveness in foreign markets (Cox, Chu & Rodionova, 2017).Nevertheless, companies, in order to minimize the impact of the political uncertainty and risk, will reassess and readjust a great part of their international marketing strategy, which is thus how they enter the markets, choosing a safer path than the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Indeed, the higher the degree of country risk, the greater the hazard is that exporting (contractual agreement) rather than FDI as a market entry strategy will occur at the early (late) standardization phase. (Malhotra, Agarwal & Ulgado, 2003 p.19). In other words, FDI implies a higher level of commitment (Keillor, Boller & Luke, 1998 p.2).Impact of political events in international marketing strategiesDonald TrumpPresidencyOne of the events that altered modern history is the election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the U.S. Donald Trump promised a series of political changes with effects extending to businesses and trade, such as reducing corporate taxes by 20%, investments in infrastructure, cutting the trade deficit to enhance job creation within the U.S and the creation of a border tax for the companies that trade commodities outside the U.S to the U.S (BBC News, 2017). Trumps aggressive political strategy, his orde r to withdraw the U.S from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, failure to effectively renegotiate the North the Statesn Free Trade Agreement, and establish fair trading relations with China, has reformed Americas marketing climate.International marketing will experience a great hit, since Trumps strategy is fundamentally introverted. Trumps policy leans toward domestically-orientated companies which are expected to succeed in favour of higher economic growth and protectionist trade policies (Samson, Wigglesworth & Bullock, 2017). Trade between the U.S and international companies will be affected since trade restrictions will be imposed and re dialogs will change the way commodities are distributed inside and outside the U.S. Asia and Latin America will be affected the most, while tariffs could jeopardise the exporting of their goods to the U.S. Indeed, according to FXCM (2017), imposed tariffs in imports will pressure multinational companies to relocate production facilities and readjust the distribution channels. China will face the biggest threat since the U.S is the largest market for Chinese commodities receiving 18% of Chinas exports. There are winners and losers of Trumps policies. In accordance to Milne (2016), pharmaceuticals such as Pfizez, oil & gas companies like Continental Resources are among the sectors that will benefit from Trumps strategies based on his campaign. However, U.S carmakers who place their production outside the U.S such as GM, Cadillac, Ford and Japanese carmakers, are expected to be affected by the pricing strategies to foreign exchange rates. Furthermore, retailers and consumers will have a significant impact, since his policies will affect their expenses, trade agreement and supply chain could destroy the cross-border trade between the U.S and Mexico in high fruit sugar corn syrup (Milne, 2016).To conclude, by imposing taxes and tariffs, standardization becomes adaption in the biggest world market and the domestically-oriented strat egy affect the way marketers place and promote products in this market, insinuating changes in the marketing mix. Moreover, the U.S will affect the marketing strategy of international companies towards this market and they will put pressure to the potential entry of new companies. FDI is now a risk. By implementing new regulations and trades agreements international companies will observe a rise in their distribution expenses towards the U.S, affecting their margin. In order for these companies to survive in this market, they will have to increase prices which will pose a reduction to the consumption of their products, since natives will be attracted by domestic substitutes with lower prices, resulting in a possible loss of their competitive advantage (Milne, 2016). However, in order to maintain or minimize their profit decline, companies will either try to negotiate with the U.S on their trading terms or in the worst-case scenario, costly relocate their activities and abandon this market. Brexit Within the scope of the biggest and most important referendum of modern history, British people voted for the U.K to leave the E.U, in an act that reflects that British people are not keen on accepting the migration tendency and peoples diversity (Czinkota, 2016). According to the same author, Brexit carries the appoint of a future conflict within not only the E.U but also between the U.S, weakening their relationships. The importance of Britains businesses is reduced, while the British scourge has reached its lowest level in the last 31 years (Market Inspector, 2017). As Brexit happened, the country fell into political uncertainty and turbulence. Financial Times (2016) proclaim that Britain is not ready to absorb the consequences of Brexit since the scene is still unclear. In the light of this uncertainty though, not only the U.Ks economy, but also businesses domestically and internationally are affected (Watts, 2017). The impact is great since, in accordance to Ma rket Inspector (2017), exports will be affected if they leave the E.U without negotiating a new trade agreement-imposing tariffs-, resulting in a potential loss of U.K businesses competitive power in the E.U and global markets. Furthermore, the loss of access into the Single Market and higher trade tariffs will fall the FDI flow in the U.K by 22%, a figure which may not be realistic due to the uncertainty of the future trading relations (Market Inspector, 2017). Based on Bowler (2017), the fall of the pound benefited the exporting activity, but it also made travel into international destinations less affordable for the British public, but more affordable for the inbound tourists. However, the worst impact of the pounds decline was observed in terms of import expenses a major factor in the U.Ks car industry and in the food and drinks sector (Cox, Chu & Rodionova, 2017). In addition tothe general norm of Brexit, some companies already witnessed Brexitsconsequences and took premeasure s in order to prepare for the upcoming changes,as depicted in the table below Figure 1 Companies Statements of Action in light of Brexit. (Source Market Inspector, 2017) However, as suggested in Market Inspector (2017), despite the loss of negotiation power within the E.U, the U.K will possibly acquire more control over negotiation with countries outside the E.U, which will allow a fresh start for business deals with countries all over the world, exploring trades with China in a greater extent. By negotiating freely with other countries on its own terms, Britain can capitalize on new trading deals which will benefit international markets. The report produced by Irwin (2015) claims that Brexit exposed several countries in different magnitudes such as the Netherlands, Ireland, and Germany, due to their alignment with the U.K trading policies, while export, supply chain, investment and policy interests of many large corporates would be adversely affected (p.39). Similarly to the situa tion in the U.S, international companies which operated using the U.K as their base or were relying on the U.Ks business economy and economic importance, now face threats and have to be proactive for the future. This implies that marketers should now adjust their strategies to be relevant to the future agreement that the U.K will have with Europe and the world in general. Adaptation is gaining ground since Britains referendum was a clear sign of a form of xenophobia and introversion (Czinkota, 2016). Since new trade deals will be imposed and new non-tariff technical agreements will be made (Mor, 2017), products place, promotion and price will change, consequently marketers have to readjust not only the new elements of the marketing mix to be effective and competitive, but also the way they enter the market, by reassessing exporting and the advantages of FDI.ConclusionTo conclude, an analysis of the relation between politics and international marketing was conducted. Radical changes in the political scene can occur in the most stable governments and are translated in changes in the business world. Tariffs, taxes, boarder checks, non-tariff technical barriers and exchange rates imposed by the new governments according to their campaigns and beliefs, reflect in a businesss international marketing strategy, as the liberation of the markets is now being narrowed and limited. Adaption is gaining power over standardization and companies re-evaluate their strategies under the light of the political changes and the risk within them. The scene in the U.S and U.K is still uncertain, and this feeling is not welcomed by international companies which hunt markets with balance and stability in their internal and external policies, affecting the way and the means which a business chooses to operate within or with them. As the future is unclear, and several agreements are in stake, the world in on the edge of major changes in two of the biggest and most important markets. Refe rences AgarwalJ.andFeils D. (2007) Politicalrisk and the internationalization of firms An empirical study ofCanadian-based export and FDI firms.Canadian Journal ofAdministrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences delAdministration243, 165-181.Baines, P.,Fill, C. and Rosengren, S. (2017). 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